Sunday, October 14, 2012

50 Ways to Motivate Yourself



50 Ways to Motivate Yourself

50 ways to motivate yourself

There are several ways that can be helpful in motivating one’s own-self. Motivation increases a person’s energy level and his enthusiasm to carry out the tasks effectively. Everyone has motivators to attain success and to avoid pain. A well known American writer and philosopher of transcendentalism Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) said: “Enthusiasm is one of the most powerful engines of success. When you do a thing, do it with all your might. Put your whole soul into it. Stamp it with your personality. Be active, be energetic, be enthusiastic and faithful, and you will accomplish your object. Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.”
There are several motivational tactics that can help in hovering of the motivational level of a person; these include the following:-
1. GOAL SETTING
Create a goal for yourself. By setting a goal it helps in developing a framework in which to work, for achievement of a desired target.  This can be motivating as the person is well aware of the results he wants to achieve and can plan his actions accordingly.
2. DESIGN A STRATEGY
A strategy is a detailed plan of how to achieve your set goal. By designing a strategy one can plan what methods he can use to achieve the desired outcome. Once we set the goal to be achieved planning of work is path to self motivation. Planning of work by devising a plan for execution will save time as well as energy and will help in motivating an individual as he will be able to achieve his targets in time.
3. TELL SOMEONE ELSE
When you plan to achieve something, do share your thoughts with others especially with people whom you respect because by sharing your plan with others you are actually acknowledging it, committing your-self for its achievement. Due to sharing of your thoughts you get others indirectly involved in advancement of yourself for the achievement of the desired goal. You increase their expectations they hold from you; and due to their increased expectations you have greater burden on your shoulders, this will help keep you focused on your task thus leads to higher motivational level.
4. REMOVE ALL OTHER OPTIONS
When you decide to achieve something then try to concentrate fully on its achievement. Remove all the other substitute options on your mind. This will help in enhancement of your concentration on the particular task plus it will boost your motivational level. Full concentration on your work will make you more productive as you will be able to make lesser mistakes.
5. ACCUSTOM YOUR MIND
Accustom means to familiarize by constant practice, or to habituate. By conditioning your mind you can help in increasing your motivational level. Removing all the negative thoughts and thinking the positive way will definitely make you more strong and committed to your work.
6. AVERT PEOPLE WITH NEGATIVE ENERGY
Try to avoid the company of negative thinkers.  Be choosy for your partners, as your surroundings have a great impact on you. By living with positive energy you yourself start to take every aspect positively and that’s the sign of increased motivation, because by looking at the positive side you actually are looking at the chances of your success ignoring the negative points that would have led to a failure. Keep a positive attitude: There’s is nothing more powerful for self-motivation than the right attitude. You can’t choose or control your circumstance, but can choose your attitude towards your circumstances.
7. TRY COPY YOUR ROLE MODELS
Have a look at your role models. How they achieved their goals, what helped them in their success, how were they motivated? By studying the tales of their success, will improve your motivation as well as it will help you in designing a well planned strategy for the achievement of your own goal.
8. BE ACCOUNTABLE FOR YOUR RESULTS
You need to be responsible for what you achieve. Like achievement of your success you should be liable for your failures as well. Stop blaming your luck for every matter, because if you will always be dependent on your luck then you will always have an excuse. Be self-incriminated, this will earn you more than blaming your luck.
9. FETE YOUR FAILURES
Learn lessons from your failures. They are more significant than praising your-self on and on for your achievements. This might make you over-confident and will lead to another failure in future. By giving importance to your failures will help you learn more and stand stronger than before. You will be able to find out your mistakes and work on them to convert them into strengths leading to success.
10. AVOID WEAK GOALS
When you decide to achieve a goal be sure for it.  This is somehow linked to your positive thinking,. If you are a positive person then you will definitely give greater importance for the chances of your success in the desired goal, whereas if you’ll regard drawbacks of your failure more than your chances of success you will definitely not be sure about your success. Work with the “I will do it” attitude as this will help in keeping you more motivated and focused.
11. THINK BEFORE YOU SPEAK
It’s better to remain silent if it does not help in serving you your purpose. If you are involving your-self in such non worthy things, this will only waste your time. Which you can utilize more productively and positively, serving your purpose better.
12. MOVE THE GOALPOSTS
Set bigger goals for yourself. This will motivate you more than smaller goals. As setting high targets will require more of your concentration and will help in increasing your motivation as you’ll be inspired to achieve a high outcome.
13. DO SOMETHING MINUSCULE AND CREATE A FLOW
Begin by doing something small. If you are feeling not to do anything bigger than you can begin your work by small things; just clean your desk, pay your bills, or clean the dishes. This will help you in getting alert and remove the extra burden from you. So start out with something small and work your way out up.
14. DO THE EASIEST THING FIRST
Try beginning your work with the easiest task. As it will have many positive impacts on you. Firstly its completion will help you in gaining self-confidence. Secondly you will get rid of a part of workload and so you will be able to concentrate more on the hard things, finishing them off quickly. This will have an excellent impact on your motivational level.
15. GET OUT OF YOUR COMFORT ZONE
Face your challenges. Do not fear them. By looking forward for the challenging circumstances you are actually preparing yourself for a fight, and this is what will empower you for your success.
16. DO SOME RESEARCH ON WHAT YOU ARE ABOUT TO DO
Do some research on the goal you want to be achieved? This will help you gather a lot more information for your work; will help you learn how to tackle the difficulties, plan and organize your work more effectively.
You can even surf the internet to find experiences of people who strived to achieve the similar goal, learn from what they achieved and how. This will encourage you to do better thus improve your motivation as well.
17. WRITE DOWN YOUR GOALS AND REASONS FOR WORKING TOWARDS THEM
By writing down your goals keeps you reminded of them throughout the day. And it becomes easier to stay on track and focused on your strategy leading to greater chances of success.
18. CUT DOWN ON TELEVISION
If you are one of those who watch too much of television then you need to stop doing so, because by watching more of T.V you waste your time and secondly you are actually creating a hurdle in your way of success by not working towards it. You are contributing in the success of other’s goal by watching them and becoming their fan, because that’s what they all wanted to achieve, that’s what their goal is but watching too much of them will stop others becoming fan of your own because this habit of yours makes you no different than others; to become their role models.
19. BREAK IT DOWN
To get started with your work effectively, you need to break the task down into small groups of things to be done. Then start doing them one by one, this will help you complete your work on time and with greater motivation due to increased self-confidence, which you will earn by achieving your daily targets.
20. DO THINGS THAT CHEER YOU UP
Try do maximize your happiness by doing things that make you relaxed and happy. This will help you keep motivated and more prone to do work in better quality and on time.
21. MAKE EACH DAY COUNT
Utilize all your time effectively so that you don’t blame your-self for it. Make yourself work each day to serve you for the desired purpose because Time is something once lost can’t be restored. We don’t have all the time in the world. So be focused and do what you want to.
22. SET REWARDS
To make yourself work more you need to get yourself motivated for the completion of your work. And for most of us it’s the reward we’ll get by doing the task. So set rewards for yourself, involve others; your close ones to set targets for you and reward you with something that will help increase your motivation for work. This will encourage you to work towards your agreed goal, put in extra effort and will keep you on the right track.
23. CREATE YOUR NEXT-UP LIST
Next-up list is the list of your goals and actions that are next up on the list of things to do and accomplish. By marking your goals that you have achieved will enhance your motivation. You’ll feel succeeded in one of the aspects of your life, through achievement of your goal. Plus it will advance you on the track of setting bigger goals for tomorrow, boosting your motivation level further.
24. SPECIALIZATION
Your set goals require full commitment from your side for their achievement. Try specializing in skills required for the achievement of your goal. Search for stuff that helps in enhancement of your knowledge for the work. All this will help in grooming your skills and will train you lead a more better you.
25. WORKING CONDITIONS
Improve the environment you work in. getting a comfortable environment with good lightening and heating facilities will let you work more efficiently then you could before. Because person working in a multinational company with a favourable work conditions will be producing double the outcome than the one working for a national government owned organizations, with the least facilities available.
26. ENHANCE YOUR BELIEVES
How much you are motivated depends on the culture you are living in. culture is basically the way we do things around here, as described by Handy. Believes held by a person has an impact on the culture as well as on all others living with him. To feel motivated a person needs to enhance his believes; think positively, so that an overall motivating culture is created, that will have a positive impact on everyone.
27. MAINTAIN YOUR HEALTH
Health is wealth. It’s one of the famous sayings. To work well a person needs to be healthy. You should try your best to maintain a healthy and a balanced diet make sure you supply your body with all the necessary nutrients. Because only a healthy person is able to concentrate well on his work, devote sufficient time to serve his purpose. Due to maintained health you will highly motivated because you will have sufficient energy to start your work with.
28. CONTROL
Set your targets to be achieved than measure the outcomes and compare them with your targets. This will help you control your actions and manage your time efficiently. Take remedial action to deal with divergences of actual from target performance. Controlling how you perform will lead to better planning in future plus will increase your motivation, as you will be able to learn managing your time efficiently.
29. USE FLEXIBILITY WISELY
Be flexible to allocate time to each job you want to perform. By using your flexibility wisely you will be able to manage yourself better and would feel motivated.
30. BUILD
Build your strengths and help yourselves eliminate your weaknesses. Make it unacceptable to continue in a position where a weakness is a liability for you. Identify and appreciate your strengths especially if you know you have some weaknesses. This will help in increasing your grasp on your task and will lead to a more motivated you.
31. INCREASE YOUR EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Increasing your emotional intelligence means, managing yourself, your knowledge and your relationships. Then you will be more in tune with enhancing the culture you live in- and become natural in motivating yourself.
32. LIST DOWN YOUR MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS
Briefly write down the motivational factors that sustain you and what you can do to sustain them. This little bit of motivational planning can give you strong perspective on how to think about supporting your motivations. All this will eventually lead to greater improvements in you, upgrading you in serving your purpose effectively.
33. KEEP LEARNING
Read and try to learn, adopt and practice everything you can. Because the more you learn the more you trust yourself, more confident you get and work efficiently on your work.
34. HELP OTHERS
Try sharing your ideas with your friends and family to get them motivated. By seeing others doing well will make you more enthusiastic and will increase your motivational level to do well.
35. BE UNPREDICTABLE
To be creative you need to be unexpected. Many of us think creativity is something referring to originality, but that’s actually not the case, being creative means being unexpected, you can come up with all kinds of unexpected solutions to challenges that life brings for you.
36. BE A FINISHER
Try when you start a project, you try your best to complete the work because all the fatigue/ jade that you feel comes not from the hard work you do rather it comes from the uncompleted task. William James once wrote:”Nothing is so fatiguing than the hanging on of an uncompleted task”. So don’t leave anything unfinished.
37. TIME TO GROOM YOUR SKILLS
Get someone to train you. Ask someone to pinpoint your mistakes and judge you objectively. This will help you realize your drawbacks and work on them effectively to convert them in your strengths.
38. FACE CHALLENGES
People work more effectively when they face challenges. Try to challenge yourself for completion of your work, this will help empower you in overcoming your laziness and work with greater enthusiasm. Plus in the long term it will help boost your motivation level.
39. CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM
People usually don’t realize what they are doing wrong. Try accepting you being criticized by others; this will help in making you know your weaknesses. This will help you in being a more refined as you’ll be able to work on your mistakes, and a more mature person; leading to a more motivated you.
40. DEMAND IMPROVEMENT
Don’t let yourself stagnate. Each time someone advances raise the bar a little higher for yourself. Remind yourself of your strengths and get on the track for achieving it.
41. FIND OPPORTUNITIES
Look around to find sources that will help you advance in the way to achieve success. Try finding opportunities that might be available to you but you are overlooking them. By availing those opportunities to serve you your purpose will help you earn greater chances of your success hence reducing probability of failure, motivating you even more.
42. TRUST AND RESPECT
Believe in yourself. Trust yourself, that you do have the ability to do the particular task better than others. Plus respect your goal. Try not to switch between substitute goals on the way to achieving your former goal. This will firstly help you increase your motivation and secondly will make you more focused.
43. KINDNESS
Be kind with people. By being kindhearted you’ll be able to win hearts of others due to which in the long term they’ll prefer to support you achieve your goal, become your strength and will help increase your self confidence.
44. DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS
If you want to achieve something with the help of others then make an effort that you give them detailed instructions for fulfillment of the required task on time. This will assist them in better understanding of the work due to which they’ll prove to be more productive leading to timely completion of the task. This will be highly self-motivating for you, as it will earn you greater self-confidence and more trust by others.
45. DEADLINES
Many people are more productive right before a big deadline. They usually have a hard time focusing until the deadline is intimidating over their head. Therefore it can prove to be motivating if you set mini-deadlines for yourself; this will help you get started with your work and get it finished on time.
46. TEAM SPIRIT
Create an environment of friendship. People are more motivated if they work in teams because they feel somehow connected to the result they achieve is for the benefit of others too. Therefore if you want to improve your motivation level try work in teams.
47. PERSONAL STAKE
Think about others stake. What do they want? What their goal is? Etc. by understanding this you’ll be able to be a good source of keeping others happy and as a result of making people happy they’ll prove to be more productive contributing greater for the achievement of the joint goal. This will also help in boosting your level of motivation due to the result earned.
48. EXERCISE
Sometimes to feel motivated you just need to get the blood pumping around the body properly. It is very important that you give a 10-15 minutes break to yourself, just try to exercise for some time, as much you feel appropriate for yourself. This will immensely boost your motivational level, as you will be getting the desired energy your body requires.
49. FOCUS ON THE PRESENT
Sometimes our motivational level is lagging behind because our mind is somewhere stuck in thinking of the future, or we are busy in remembering something that happened in past. Try to remove all other thoughts from your mind that are actually acting as hindrance in the achievement of your purpose. This will help in enhancement of your motivation.
50. FIGURE OUT A DIFFERENT WAY TO DO IT
This is the greatest way to carry out the task altogether. Be creative, smart, and try to think outside the designed borderline. This will help you find out several ways of completing the same task, and you can adopt the one you feel comfortable with as this will help you get the work finished on time and will also increase your motivation.

Leadership Quotes For Young Minds


Leadership Quotes For Young Minds


Quotations For Inspiring LeadersYoung minds of the society need appreciation and recognition to give a new “meaning” to the world. In this compilation of leadership quotes for youth, you will be accessing some of the best quotations online.
The critical ingredient is getting off your butt and doing something. It’s as simple as that. A lot of people have ideas, but there are few who decide to do something about them now. Not tomorrow. Not next week. But today. The true entrepreneur is a doer, not a dreamer. – Nolan Bushnell
My son is now an ‘entrepreneur’. That’s what you’re called when you don’t have a job. – Ted Turner
Leadership is a potent combination of strategy and character. But if you must be without one, be without the strategy. – Norman Schwarzkopf
The golden rule for every business man is this: “Put yourself in your customer’s place. – Orison Swett Marden
I had to make my own living and my own opportunity! But I made it! Don’t sit down and wait for the opportunities to come. Get up and make them! – C.J. Walker
The important thing is not being afraid to take a chance. Remember, the greatest failure is to not try. Once you find something you love to do, be the best at doing it. – Debbi Fields
Life is too complicated not to be orderly. – Martha Stewart
The winners in life think constantly in terms of I can, I will, and I am. Losers, on the other hand, concentrate their waking thoughts on what they should have or would have done, or what they can’t do. – Dennis Waitley
Business opportunities are like buses, there’s always another one coming. – Richard Branson

Simplicity of Kind Words


Simplicity of Kind Words


thank you
Hey blog followers! I apologize for the lack of updated posts, but the server has been down. I have continually lost my blogs over the past few weeks, so I am hoping this one will post with out an issue.
This week a lot of different thoughts have been popping into my head and I thought I would share one of the topics with you. I’d like to pose this question: How often is it that you take time to recognize the people in your life that make a difference? This week as our leadership challenge workshop came to a close this was the topic we put forth our energy for. Saying “Thank you” whether in an elaborate way or just sweet and simple, these words can make a world’s difference to the people around you. While living in such a fast paced society where everything just seems to be getting done, we forget to take a minute too breathe. I think we also lose sight of how often certain people are willing to drop everything they are doing to help us succeed.
Writing is a hobby of mine, and when I am able to put my heart down on paper, tell someone how much they mean to me and reflect on what I have just written it makes me feel like one of the luckiest people to have walked this planet. It’s not until something is staring you in the face that you realize the impact had on your life. I am a talker, and I believe it is important to create relationships that will last a life time, but we don’t always say everything we want to say, and sadly, sometimes we don’t realize that until it’s too late.
As a result of this workshop I have begun writing my heart out, writing to people I talk to on a daily basis, and even writing to people who I haven’t spoken to in a while, but certainly have never left my mind. These people are important, and deserve to be recognized. Say what you feel, and feel what you say because you never know what kind of conversation your words may spark. Everyone has at least one person they can not live without so, tell them! You never know what greatness will come from the simplicity of kind words.
Who do you know that deserves your “Thank you”?

small-ideas-can-become-a-huge-reality


leadershipquotes_leadership quotes _ leadership quotations
“Do not follow where the path may lead.
Go instead where there is no path and leave a trail.”
-Ralph Waldo Emerson
This quote is a wonderful way to start off today’s blog. Last night was one of the best nights of the whole year, and truthfully has been for the last three years since I have been attending the “Leadership Celebration”. During this event students, faculty and staff are recognized for their time and efforts that go into making our “student life” here at Lynn such a positive experience. Throughout many blogs I mention the various activities I am involved in and what they mean to me, but last night’s event really makes everything worth while. By just being nominated, it’s a realization that people have noticed what you have done, and to those people a difference has been made.
The event was a wonderful experience for me this year. I had been nominated in four different categories, and received all four awards. In the past three years, I have done things not for the recognition, but for the satisfaction of knowing that I would be making a change on this campus if I put enough heart and soul into the few things that I do. Last year I had won “Campus Wide Program of the Year” for my Disability Awareness initiative as a whole, and this year I am pleased to say that I have done it again, but this time for the “Wheels to the Net” wheelchair basketball event. I really was not expecting to win something, but it just goes to show the amount of love and respect I have gotten for something that was once just a small idea.
On top of all of this the announcements for “Male and Female Student Leader of the Year” came out, and as my name was called I felt nothing but excitement. It is such a wonderful feeling to be given this honor, and I only hope that I will be able exceed this bar in my final year as part of this community. If I have learned anything from this event it’s that one should never do things just to be recognized, but do them because one feels the need to. Passion, love, and enthusiasm are three elements that are sure to get people to believe in you. If you have passion for something in your heart work hard to find it, if you have love surrounding your passion hold on it, and when you find that enthusiasm run with it because you never know who will be right behind you.
My idea’s started out small, but I never gave up on them. Sooner than I had seen it coming my visions, had become a reality. For all of the prospective students who come across this blog I hope you can take one thing away from this. You are in charge of your own leadership potential, you are given many resources to be successful, but it’s what you choose to do with them that matter most. No idea is too crazy to become a vision, and no vision is too large/small to become a reality… Trust me I would know 
Thank you to everyone who has always believed in me as a Student, Leader, and a positive young woman. You will never truly understand how much you mean to me.

Leadership Quotations



Do not follow where the path may lead.
Go instead where there is no path and leave a trail.
Harold R. McAlindon(also attributed to Emerson and others)

Leadership: The art of getting someone else to do something you want done because he wants to do it.
Dwight D. Eisenhower

There go the people.
I must follow them for I am their leader.

Alexandre Ledru-Rollin


What chance gathers she easily scatters. A great person attracts great people and knows how to hold them together.
Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe

A general is just as good or just as bad as the troops under his command make him.
General Douglas MacArthur

Men are governed only by serving them; the rule is without exception.
V. Cousin

The real leader has no need to lead--
he is content to point the way.

Henry Miller

Not the cry, but the flight of a wild duck, leads the flock to fly and follow.
Chinese Proverb

Be known for pleasing others, espcecially if you govern them...Ruling other has one advantage: you can do more good than anyone else.
Baltasar Gracián

Go to the people. Learn from them. Live with them. Start with what they know. Build with what they have. The best of leaders when the job is done, when the task is accomplished, the people will say we have done it ourselves.
Lao Tzu

A leader is a dealer in hope.
Napoleon Bonaparte

Rely on your own strength of body and soul. Take for your star self-reliance, faith, honesty and industry. Don't take too much advice — keep at the helm and steer your own ship, and remember that the great art of commanding is to take a fair share of the work. Fire above the mark you intend to hit. Energy, invincible determination with the right motive, are the levers that move the world.
Noah Porter

There is always room for a man of force and he makes room for many. Society is a troop of thinkers and the best heads among them take the best places.
Ralph Waldo Emerson

If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader. 
John Quincy Adams 

He who has never learned to obey
cannot be a good commander.

Aristotle

The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy.
Martin Luther King, Jr.

(from Christian Leadership World)
Any one can hold the helm when the sea is calm.
Publilius Syrus

A leader is a dealer in hope.
Napoleon Bonaparte

TYPES OF E COMMERCE


E-tailing or The Virtual Storefront and the Virtual Mall

As a place for direct retail shopping, with its 24-hour availability, a global reach, the ability to interact and provide custom information and ordering, and multimedia prospects, the Web is rapidly becoming a multibillion dollar source of revenue for the world's businesses. A number of businesses already report considerable success. As early as the middle of 1997, Dell Computers reported orders of a million dollars a day. By early 1999, projected e-commerce revenues for business were in the billions of dollars and the stocks of companies deemed most adept at e-commerce were skyrocketing. Although many so-called dotcom retailers disappeared in the economic shakeout of 2000, Web retailing at sites such as Amazon.com, CDNow.com, and CompudataOnline.com continues to grow.

Market Research

In early 1999, it was widely recognized that because of the interactive nature of the Internet, companies could gather data about prospects and customers in unprecedented amounts -through site registration, questionnaires, and as part of taking orders. The issue of whether data was being collected with the knowledge and permission of market subjects had been raised. (Microsoft referred to its policy of data collection as "profiling" and a proposed standard has been developed that allows Internet users to decide who can have what personal information.)

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

EDI is the exchange of business data using an understood data format. It predates today's Internet. EDI involves data exchange among parties that know each other well and make arrangements for one-to-one (or point-to-point) connection, usually dial-up. EDI is expected to be replaced by one or more standard XML formats, such as ebXML.

E-Mail, Fax, and Internet Telephony

E-commerce is also conducted through the more limited electronic forms of communication called e-mail, facsimile or fax, and the emerging use of telephone calls over the Internet. Most of this is business-to-business, with some companies attempting to use e-mail and fax for unsolicited ads (usually viewed as online junk mail or spam) to consumers and other business prospects. An increasing number of business Web sites offer e-mail newsletters for subscribers. A new trend is opt-in e-mail in which Web users voluntarily sign up to receive e-mail, usually sponsored or containing ads, about product categories or other subjects they are interested in.

Business-to-Business Buying and Selling

Thousands of companies that sell products to other companies have discovered that the Web provides not only a 24-hour-a-day showcase for their products but a quick way to reach the right people in a company for more information.

The Security of Business Transactions

Security includes authenticating business transactors, controlling access to resources such as Web pages for registered or selected users, encrypting communications, and, in general, ensuring the privacy and effectiveness of transactions. Among the most widely-used security technologies is the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), which is built into both of the leading Web browsers.

Electronic commerce



CONCEPT & DEFINITION:

'Electronic commerce', commonly known as 'e-commerce' or 'e-comm', is the buying and selling of product or service over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer network. Electronic commerce draws on such technologies as electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at one point in the transaction's life-cycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail, mobile devices and telephones as well.
  • Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of business transactions.

DIVISION OF E COMMERCE

E-commerce can be divided into:
  • E-tailing or "virtual storefronts" on Web sites with online catalogs, sometimes gathered into a "virtual mall"
  • The gathering and use of demographic data through Web contacts
  • Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), the business-to-business exchange of data
  • E-mail and fax and their use as media for reaching prospects and established customers (for example, with newsletters)
  • Business-to-business buying and selling
  • The security of business transactions

Thursday, October 4, 2012

KINDS OF DRAMA



KINDS OF DRAMA


Drama has one characteristic peculiar to itself - it is written primarily to be performed, not read. It is a presentation of action a. through actors (the impact is direct and immediate), b. on a stage (a captive audience), and c. before an audience (suggesting a communal experience). Of the four major points of view, the dramatist is limited to only one - the objective or dramatic. The playwright cannot directly comment on the action or the character and cannot directly enter the minds of characters and tell us what is going on there. But there are ways to get around this limitation through the use of
1. soliloquy (a character speaking directly to the audience)
2. chorus ( a group on stage commenting on characters and actions)
3. one character commenting on another.

1. Tragedy:
Aristotle's definition of tragedy:
Aristotle's definition, found in Poetics, is an analysis of Sophocles' Oedipus the King.  It is a classical definition used throughout history to define tragedy, but also has been used for discussion of drama in general.  "Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play; in the form of action, not of narrative; through pity and fear affecting the proper purgation of these emotions."  

Analysis of the Definition : 
a)      "imitation of an important and complete action" : Tragedy is the imitation of life itself, a mimisis of important things, emotions and passions
b)      "specific length" : Tragedy's story must have a start, a medium point and an end. It cannot be too long nor too short.
c)      "embellished language" : the language must have rhythm, melody and harmony. Vulgarity must be excluded.
d)      "its separate parts set in order and not randomly" : The lyrics, the dancing and the prose must be set in the right proportion.
e)      "in active and not narrative form" : Action characterizes tragedy. Action is achieved through dialogic parts. Monologues can be used only as an exception.
f)       "tending through pity and fear to the catharsis of passions" :  The spectator watches the leading actor to raise in arrogance and fall in despair. He feels pity and mercy for him, because he has been the innocent tool in the hands of fate. His insulting behavior towards the divine element merits a punishment. This punishment though will purify him and at the end the spectator feels that justice has been served.

According to the Poetics, the action that animates a tragedy must be stately in tone, complete (brought to a conclusion), and of great moral significance. Every aspect of the tragic performance—plot, character, thought, diction, song, and spectacle—must contribute to these qualities. But among a play's elements, it is plot (with beginning, middle, and end focused on a single situation) that drives the dramatic action. Moreover, Aristotle believed that the finest tragedies achieve their passionate focus through a conflict—both its development and its aftermath—that unfolds during a single day.

Central features of the Aristotelian archetype:
1.         The tragic hero is a character of noble stature and has greatness. If the hero's fall is to arouse in us the emotions of pity and fear, it must be a fall from a great height.
2.         Though the tragic hero is pre-eminently great, he/she is not perfect. Tragic flaw ‘hubris’           (excessive pride or passion), and ‘hamartia’ (some error) lead to the hero's downfall.
3.         The hero's downfall, therefore, is partially her/his own fault, the result of one's own free           choice, not the result of pure accident or villainy, or some overriding malignant fate.
4.         Nevertheless, the hero's misfortune is not wholly deserved. The punishment exceeds    the crime. The hero remains admirable.
5.         Yet the tragic fall is not pure loss - though it may result in the hero's death, before it,    there is some increase in awareness, some gain in self-knowledge or, as Aristotle puts             it, some "discovery."
6.         Though it arouses solemn emotion - pity and fear, says Aristotle, but compassion and    awe might be better terms - tragedy, when well performed, does not leave its audience             in a state of depression. It produces a catharsis or an emotional release at the end, one         shared as a common experience by the audience.

Some principal writers:
          Classical
                    Greece (The Golden Age)
                              Aeschylus.
                              Sophocles.
                              Euripides.
                    Italy (Rome)
                              Seneca.
          Middle Ages
          Renaissance
                    England (Elizabethan or Shakespearean era).
                              Shakespeare.
                              Jonson.
                              Marlowe.      
          Modern
                     Shaw, Eliot
In the English language, the most famous and most successful tragedies are those of William Shakespeare and his Elizabethan contemporaries. Shakespeare's tragedies include:

A contemporary of Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, also wrote examples of tragedy in English, notably:
John Webster (1580?-1635?), also wrote famous plays of the genre:

The essential difference between tragedy and comedy is in the depiction of human nature: tragedy shows greatness in human nature and human freedom whereas comedy shows human weakness and human limitation. The norms of comedy are primarily social; the protagonist is always in a group or emphasizes commonness. A tragic hero possesses overpowering individuality - so that the play is often named after her/him (Antigone, Othello); the comic protagonist tends to be a type and the play is often named for the type (The Misanthrope, The Alchemist, The Brute). Comic plots do not exhibit the high degree of organic unity as tragic plots do. Plausibility is not usually the central characteristic (cause-effect progression) but coincidences, improbable disguises, mistaken identities make up the plot. The purpose of comedy is to make us laugh and at the same time, help to illuminate human nature and human weaknesses. Conventionally comedies have a happy ending. Accidental discovery, act of divine intervention (deus ex machina), sudden reform are common comedic devises. "Comedy is the thinking person's response to experience; tragedy records the reactions of the person with feeling." - Charles B. Hands

2. Comedy:
A play (or other literary composition) written chiefly to amuse its audience by appealing to a sense of superiority over the characters depicted. A comedy will normally be closer to the representation of everyday life than a tragedy, and will explore common human failings rather than tragedy's disastrous crimes. Its ending will usually be happy for the leading characters.

In another sense, the term was applied in the Middle Ages to narrative poems that end happily: the title of Dante's Divine Comedy (c.1320) carries this meaning. As a dramatic form, comedy in Europe dates back to the Greek playwright Aristophanes in the 5th century BCE. His Old Comedy combines several kinds of mischief, including the satirical mockery of living politicians and writers.
This tradition was later developed in the Roman comedy of Plautus and Terence, and eventually by Shakespeare in England. The great period of European comedy, partly influenced by the commedia dell' arte, was the 17th century, when Shakespeare and Jonson were succeeded by Molière and by the Restoration comedy of Congreve, Etheredge, and Wycherley.

There are several kinds of comedy, including the romantic comedy of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream (c.1596), the satire in Jonson's Volpone (1606) or in Molière's Le Tartuffe (1669), the sophisticated verbal wit of the comedy of manners in Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest (1895), and the more topical ‘comedy of ideas’ in the plays of George BernardShaw. Among its less sophisticated forms are burlesque and farce.
 Ancient Greek Comedy - performed to show the humorous actions of one or more characters as they attempt to solve a problem.
Aspects of Greek Comedy:
required action and conflict that led to a happy ending.
included ridiculing and violent personal attacks on contemporary personalities.
involved acting out of bawdy personal and social relationships.
as opposed to ancient Greek tragedy, a change in fortune is almost always for the better.

Comic Devices
  • Exaggeration        
  • Incongruity
  • Surprise
  • Repetition
  • Wisecrack/Sarcasm

Types of comedy from ancient to modern times:
1. Romantic - involves a love affair that does not run smoothly but ends happily.
Example:
Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream
the movie, Pretty Woman

2. Manners - portrays upper-class society involved in witty repartee that focuses on their relationships and "affairs." A comedy of manners focuses on the behavior of men and women who violate the rules and manners of upper-class society.
Example:
Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest

3. Farce - "low comedy" with lots of "belly laughs" that uses quick physical action to induce immediate laughter. The verbal humor is often crude or ridiculous. Farce is sometimes based on incongruities of character and action; a character doing something that is completely unlike what we would expect of them.
Example:
In Shakespeare uses farcical humor in his play, Twelfth Night. Malvolio, a very prude, self-important character, is convinced to wear funny clothing and act like a fool (Meyer 900).
Most of Jim Carey's comedy is farce. His comedy is based on quick physical humor and often crude dialogue.

  1. Satire - mean jokes (barbs) are aimed at people, ideas or things in order to improve, correct, or prevent something.

















Example:
Again, the character Malvolio in Shakespeare's play, Twelfth Night is a satirical character. He is held up for scrutiny and ridicule by other characters and the audience because of his self-important, pompous attitude. Shakespeare reveals Malvolio's faults, and shows him to be pathetic.

5. Absurd (black) - unusual, some would say weird or uncomfortable, comedy that portrays the world as unstable. The action includes improbable events with highly unpredictable characters. Black comedy is very different from other comedies in that this type tends to end unhappily.
Example:
True West
The movies, Fargo, and Pulp Fiction
                       
Tragedy and Comedy Contrasted

Tragedy
Comedy
  • sad ending
  • happy ending
  • ends in death
  • ends in marriage
  • ideal
  • real
  • absolute
  • relative
  • acceptance of life
  • rejection of life
  • noble hero
  • likeable hero
  • shows man's great potential
  • shows man's limitations, foibles
  • shows man's grandeur
  • exposes pretense
  • shows the dignity  and courage of man
  • mocks excess
  • nobility of spirit
  • wit and sophistication
  • high character
  • exaggeration and caricature
  • man in godlike state
  • folly, incongruity of human behavior
  • hero has a tragic flaw
  • hero has many weaknesses
  • hero of titanic size
  • ordinary mortal
  • man made sublime
  • man made ridiculous
  • the individual
  • society
  • one hero
  • many characters
  • isolated figure of heroic size
  • people in groups
  • alienation
  • disagreements with parents
  • full characterization
  • limited characterization
  • hero retains our sympathy
  • audience distanced by mockery and humor
  • audience feels pity and terror
  • audience feels amusement
  • we see ourselves
  • we see others
  • we feel our own limitations
  • we feel superior
  • we experience catharsis
  • we laugh at the folly of others
  • serious and profound concerns
  • petty concerns
  • order and stability in the world
  • the world is absurd
  • restoration of order
  • quarreling ends in marriage
  • action with magnitude
  • engaging amusement
  • themes such as revenge and honor
  • themes such as appearance vs. reality
  • Freytag Pyramid
  • many interwoven plots and characters
  • Aristotle, The Poetics
  • Oliver Goldsmith
  • Renaissance/romanticism
  • Restoration and Eighteenth Century
  • Ahab, Heathcliff and Catherine, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear
  • Falstaff, Don Quijote, Tom Jones, Portia and Bassanio, Becky Sharp and Amelia Sedley, Emma





3. Melodrama:
A drama, such as a play, film, or television program, characterized by exaggerated emotions, stereotypical characters, and interpersonal conflicts.

Melodrama, in musicology, work in which a spoken text is integrated with music. The form, which began in the ancient Greek theater, became popular in the 18th century; a notable example is The Begger's Opera by the English dramatist John Gay.

By extension, the term melodrama has come to be applied to any play with romantic plot in which the author manipulates events to act on the emotions of the audience without regard for character development or logic.

Melodrama is essentially a form of wish-fulfillment, presenting the world as we would like it to be. Thus, despite the dire circumstances which threaten to defeat the hero, we can be confident that all will end happily, with good triumphant and evil punished, a form of resolution called poetic justice. Melodrama appears to deal with serious subjects, but its seriousness is only pretense, a part of the game. While tragedy explores ultimate questions of life, melodrama exists primarily to entertain. It offers escape from everyday, humdrum existence into a world of adventure with the guarantee that we will return safely at the end.
Some examples are such works as Frank Arthur’s ‘Twenty Minutes to Mrs. Oakentubb’ and ‘The Count’s Revenge’ modeled on ‘The Count of Monte Cristo’.